Happy Homecoming GHS Seniors!

DAILY BLOG THOUGHT
Compare and Contrast the Human Skeleton with a Cat Skeleton
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GREAT INFORMATION - KNOW THIS - IT WILL HELP

BONE BIOLOGY

What types of cells form bone?

There are three types of bone cells: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. Osteoblasts form new bone by hardening the protein collagen with minerals. Osteocytes maintain bone by exchanging nutrients and wastes between blood and bone tissues. Osteoclasts destroy bone and release minerals back into the blood.

What materials make up bone?

Bone is made up of both organic and inorganic components. Protein collagen provides the flexibility of bones; the mineral component of bones is mostly hydroxyapatites, formed primarily of calcium and phosphorus. Small amounts of sodium, magnesium, fluorides, and carbonates are also present. One-third of living bone is water.

What is the structure of bone?

Bones are actually made up of two different types of bone. Cortical bone, or compact bone, forms the outer thick layer. Cancellous bone, or spongy bone, is formed out of trabeculae, bony struts that provide support. In living bone, cancellous bone contains the red bone marrow.

What is the function of bone?

Bone has three main functions. It supports the body and stores minerals that are needed for metabolic functions. In organisms that have exoskeletons, shells, or bony scales, bone provides protection from predators.

How do muscles attach to bones?

Muscle fibers attach to bone via strong fibrous connective tissues, either directly through muscle fascicles or indirectly through tendons. The connective tissue joins the outer layer of the periosteum, a connective tissue membrane that covers the bone. At the points where tendons attach to bones, raised areas of bone (such as tubercles, trochanters, and crests) may develop to provide extra attachment area.

How do bones grow?

After birth, increase in the length of bone is caused by growth of hyaline cartilage which is then replaced by bone tissue. Increase in the width of bone is caused by appositional growth, in which bone tissue is added to the surface of the existing bone. This new bone tissue is secreted from the deep layer of the periosteum, a connective tissue membrane that covers the bone.

How do bones form?

The process by which bones form, beginning in the eighth week of an embryo's development, is known as osteogenesis or ossification. The majority of the skull bones and the clavicle develop through intramembranous ossification, in which the bones form directly from an embryonic tissue known as mesenchyme. All other bones of the body develop through endochrondral ossification, in which the bones are first formed in hyaline cartilage which then is gradually replaced by bone tissue. Endochrondral ossification of long bones begins in the diaphysis, or shaft, of the bone; the last stage is the ossification of the epiphyses, or the ends. This last stage occurs around the time of birth. Ossification continues throughout life, with the epiphyses finally fusing to the diaphysis in adulthood. Until then, a section of hyaline cartilage known as the epiphyseal plate remains between the diaphysis and the epiphysis.

THE HUMAN SKELETON

What is the smallest bone in the human body?

The smallest bones are the ear ossicles, three bones that are found in the middle ear. They are called the stapes (stirrup), incus (anvil), and malleus (hammer).

What is the longest bone in the human body?

The longest bone in the human body is the femur, sometimes called the thighbone.

How many bones are in the human body?

On average, there are 206 bones in the human skeleton. A baby has over 300 bones, some of which fuse together as the individual grows. Variation means that an adult human may have between 200 and 210 bones in their body.

UPCOMING EVENTS

• GHS - SENIOR PARENT NIGHT Tuesday, October 7th from 6-7:30         Click HERE for a copy of the flier.
• 2014 TRI-VALLEY COLLEGE AND CAREER FAIR
• WHEN: WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 15TH 6:30-8:30
• WHO:  STUDENTS WITH THEIR PARENTS
• AT: LIVERMORE HIGH SCHOOL
• GETSET - (Girls Exploring Technology, Science and Engineering Together) 
• GETSET is an extracurricular program for female students who are interested in STEM. GetSet encourages female students to maintain and explore their interests in STEM related courses and careers through hands-on workshops, field trips and networking events with professional women in STEM careers.
• If you are interested in joining GETSET give your name to Ms. Buckley and she will submit you as one of her applicants!
• Ladies - Do you need EXTRA CREDIT or SERVICE HOURS? Talk to me about signing up for GETSET!
• GOOD NEWS BEARS - There will be a sort day this coming   Sunday, Oct 5 starting at 10 am, 1838 Catalina Ct. Directly behind Lucky on Concannon and Holmes.  Let me know if you are planning on going or contact Avery Harker at: a.harker@yahoo.com

CLASS DONATION

Would you or your family like to make a donation to our class?  We are in DIRE need of the following - HAND SANITIZER, KLEENEX, ANTIBACTERIAL WIPES.  Remind your parents that any donation is a tax write-off!

HOMEWORK

• Click HERE to begin learning all the names of the bones in the body - get any anger or frustration out on the Whack-A-Bone Project! Spend at least 30 more minutes on this project! Once you have completed all three levels and have a completed score card take a picture with your phone and email it to me! Or even better - POST IT as a comment on our blog!
• All of the worksheets that were handed out today will not be due until next Monday.  There will not be a quiz or binder check on Friday - I will postpone it until next Wednesday!